The Impact of Combat Trauma on Violence and Criminal Behaviour..!

Dr. Ruwan M Jayatunge, M.D. PhD 

The prolonged 30-year armed conflict in Sri Lanka has left many military veterans and former members of the LTTE grappling with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Many individuals suffering from PTSD remain undiagnosed and without treatment. The individuals affected by the conflict carry deep psychological wounds and haunting memories of war-related violence. There is a tendency for these PTSD victims to engage in violent acts.   

Criminal Activities.

Police reports suggest that former soldiers and some ex-members of the LTTE are involved in criminal activities and exhibit social aggression.  The involvement of former military personnel, especially deserters, in criminal activities poses a considerable security threat. Authorities have observed that individuals with military training who exit the armed forces are often targeted by organized crime groups for participation in serious offences. A notable number of these individuals engage in drug-related crimes, further complicating the nation’s security landscape.

Research has consistently demonstrated a significant link between Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and aggressive behaviour (Blakey et al.,2018). According to Orth & Wieland (2006), individuals suffering from PTSD often experience heightened emotional responses, which can manifest as irritability, anger, and impulsive actions. The stress and anxiety associated with PTSD can exacerbate feelings of frustration and helplessness, further contributing to aggressive outbursts (Saffari et al., 2021).

The psychological wounds.

According to Taylor and team (2020), combat veterans with PTSD face a roughly 60% higher risk of justice-system involvement. Soldiers experiencing combat trauma often face significant challenges in adjusting to civilian life. The shift from a highly structured military setting to the unpredictability of civilian life can foster feelings of isolation and disillusionment. The psychological wounds inflicted by their experiences can hinder their ability to function effectively within society. Moreover, the lack of sufficient support systems and rehabilitation programs intensifies these difficulties, sometimes driving individuals toward illicit activities as a means of coping and survival.

Research has shown that military veterans of the Vietnam War often experienced post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which contributed to their involvement in violent and criminal behaviors (Beckham et al.,1997).  One alarming case study is that of Andrew Brannan, a highly decorated Vietnam veteran who received the Bronze Star. He struggled with combat-related PTSD and was charged with the murder of a police officer in 1998. Ultimately, Brannan was executed in 2015 for his crime.

Some Soviet veterans who served in Afghanistan and experienced Afghan Syndrome, a form of PTSD, upon their return to the Soviet Union, found themselves drawn into organized crime and criminal gangs. This transition was often a response to the psychological trauma they faced, as they struggled to reintegrate into society and cope with their experiences (Schuck, 2020).  

Soldiers in Iraq and Afghanistan.

Valery Radshchikov, a former Soviet veteran of the Afghan War, was a highly decorated paratrooper who tragically lost both legs in a landmine explosion during the conflict. After returning to the Soviet Union, he became involved in criminal activities, ultimately leading a gang that orchestrated a remote-controlled bombing at the Kotlyakovskoye Cemetery in Moscow on November 10, 1996, resulting in the deaths of 14 individuals.

According to Elbogen and colleagues (2010) Some U.S. soldiers who served in Iraq and Afghanistan have experienced post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which has led to their involvement in violent crimes.  A particularly harrowing case is that of Staff Sergeant Robert Bales, who, after being diagnosed with PTSD and a traumatic brain injury, perpetrated a horrific act by killing 16 Afghan civilians, including many women and children, while they slept in Kandahar, Afghanistan.

Rathnayaka Mudiyanselage Jinadasa, known as Army Jine, was a courageous soldier in the Sri Lanka Commando unit, recognized for his remarkable combat abilities. However, the psychological toll of combat led to significant behavioral issues, resulting in disciplinary charges against him. Subsequently, Jine went absent without leave (AWOL) and engaged in a series of serious crimes, including highway robberies, murders, and rapes, while evading law enforcement by utilizing survival skills he had acquired. Reports indicate that he was responsible for nearly 27 rapes during his time on the run. His criminal activities came to an end in 2003 when he was fatally shot by police. There is substantial evidence suggesting that Army Jine suffered from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) related to his military service.

Cycle of Violence.

Research into the factors that lead some war veterans with PTSD to engage in violent and criminal behavior has identified several key theories. One prominent explanation is the impact of trauma on emotional regulation, which can result in heightened aggression and impulsivity (Miles et al., 2015). Additionally, social and environmental influences, such as isolation and lack of support, may exacerbate these tendencies, pushing veterans towards maladaptive coping mechanisms (Elbogen et al., 2014).  Furthermore, the interplay between PTSD symptoms, such as hyperarousal and re-experiencing traumatic events, can create a cycle of violence as individuals struggle to manage their distress (Chemtob et al.,1997).   Exposure to trauma and its subsequent reenactment can lead military veterans with war-related psychological issues to engage in violent behavior (Van der Kolk, 1989). Understanding these theories is crucial for developing effective interventions and support systems for affected veterans.

Preventing veterans with PTSD from resorting to violent or criminal behavior is a vital concern that necessitates a comprehensive strategy. Tailored treatment and rehabilitation programs are essential to address the specific experiences and challenges these individuals face. This approach should include extensive mental health services that combine medication with proven psychological therapies, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and exposure therapy, both of which have demonstrated effectiveness in reducing PTSD symptoms (Watkins et al., 2018). Additionally, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) has also proven to be highly effective for veterans suffering from PTSD (Hurley, 2018).

Additionally, integrating support systems that involve family members and peer support groups can foster a sense of community and understanding, which is essential for recovery (Hundt et al.,2015).  Furthermore, vocational training and employment assistance can provide veterans with a sense of purpose and stability, reducing the likelihood of resorting to negative coping mechanisms Davis (et al.,2018). 

Conclusion.

It is also vital to ensure that these programs are accessible and culturally competent, recognizing the diverse backgrounds and needs of veterans. By implementing a holistic approach that combines psychological support, social reintegration, and practical skills development, we can significantly improve the outcomes for veterans struggling with PTSD and help them lead fulfilling lives free from violence and criminal behaviour.

Dr. Ruwan M Jayatunge, M.D. PhD 

References- 1

Balasuriya, D. S. (2025, April 8). 1,700 armed forces deserters arrested in crime crackdown: Minister. Daily Mirror. https://www.dailymirror.lk/breaking-news/1-700-armed-forces-deserters-arrested-in-crime-crackdown-Minister/108-306272

Beckham, J. C., Feldman, M. E., Kirby, A. C., Hertzberg, M. A., & Moore, S. D. (1997). Interpersonal violence and its correlates in Vietnam veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 53(7), 659–669.

Blakey, S. M., Love, H., Lindquist, L., Beckham, J. C., & Elbogen, E. B. (2018). Disentangling the link between posttraumatic stress disorder and violent behavior: Findings from a nationally representative sample. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 86(2), 169–178. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000253.

Davis, L. L., Leon, A. C., Vogel-Scibilia, S., Resnick, S. G., Kurz, C. P., & Drake, R. E. (2018). Effect of evidence-based supported employment vs transitional work on outcomes for veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry, 75(4), 316–324. doi.org.

References-2.

Chemtob, C. M., Novaco, R. W., Hamada, R. S., Gross, D. M., & Smith, G. (1997). Anger, hostility, and aggression in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder: Dynamics and interventions. In A. J. Marsella, M. J. Friedman, E. T. Gerrity, & R. M. Scurfield (Eds.), Ethnocultural aspects of posttraumatic stress disorder: Issues, research, and clinical applications (pp. 319–347). American Psychological Association. doi.org.

Elbogen, E. B., Johnson, S. C., Wagner, H. R., Newton, V. M., & Beckham, J. C. (2014). Protective factors and risk modification of violence in Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 75(11), e1189–e1196. doi.org.

Elbogen, E. B., Fuller, S., Johnson, S. C., Brooks, S., Kinneer, P., & Moore, S. D. (2010). Improving risk assessment of violence among military veterans: An evidence-based approach for clinical practice. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 71(9), 1154–1160. doi.org.

Hundt, N. E., Robinson, A., Arney, J., Stanley, M. A., & Cully, J. A. (2015). “It made me realize I wasn’t alone”: A qualitative study of peer support for veterans with PTSD. Psychological Services, 12(4), 430–438. doi.org

Hurley, E. C. (2018). Effective treatment of veterans with PTSD: Comparison between intensive daily and weekly EMDR approaches. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1458. doi.org.

Jayatunge, R. M. (2013). Shell shock to Palali syndrome: PTSD Sri Lankan experience. Sarasavi Publishers.

Miles, S. R., Menefee, D. S., Wanner, J., Thompson, K. E., & Young-Xu, Y. (2015). The relationship between emotion dysregulation and impulsive aggression in a military veteran sample. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 30, 139–144. doi.org.

Orth, U., & Wieland, E. (2006). Anger, hostility, and posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults: A meta-analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(4), 698–706. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.74.4.698.

References-3.

Saffari, M., Lin, C.-Y., Koenig, H. G., O’Garo, K.-G. N., Broström, A., & Pakpour, A. H. (2021). Mediating role of anxiety and depression in the relationship between PTSD and aggression. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 26(1), 74–91. doi.org.

Schuck, E. (2020). Combat Brotherhood: Disabled Soviet-Afghan War Veterans, Traumatic Masculinity and the Mafia State (Doctoral dissertation). This work specifically examines how traumatized veterans became the foundation for criminal organizations in the 1990s.

Taylor, E. N., Timko, C., Nash, A., Owens, M. D., Harris, A. H., & Finlay, A. K. (2020). Posttraumatic stress disorder and justice involvement among military veterans: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 33(5), 804–812. doi.org.

Van der Kolk, B. A. (1989). The compulsion to repeat the trauma: Re-enactment, revictimization, and masochism. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 12(2), 389–411.

Watkins, L. E., Sprang, K. R., & Rothbaum, B. O. (2018). Posttraumatic stress disorder: Review of evidence-based treatment protocols. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 18(10), 767–780. doi.org.

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Ruwan Jayatunge

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